Microsoft .NET Framework (pronounced dot net)
is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on
Microsoft Windows. It includes a large library and provides language
interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages)
across several programming languages. Programs written for .NET
Framework execute in a software environment (as contrasted to hardware
environment), known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application
virtual machine that provides services such as security, memory
management, and exception handling. The class library and the CLR
together constitute
.NET Framework
.NET Framework's Base Class Library provides user interface, data
access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application
development, numeric algorithms, and network communications. Programmers
produce software by combining their own source code with .NET Framework
and other libraries. .NET Framework is intended to be used by most new
applications created for the Windows platform. Microsoft also produces
an integrated development environment largely for .NET software called
Visual Studio
Microsoft .NET Framework Design Features
Interoperability
Because computer systems commonly require interaction between newer
and older applications, .NET Framework provides means to access
functionality implemented in newer and older programs that execute
outside .NET environment. Access to COM components is provided in the
System.Runtime.InteropServices and System.EnterpriseServices namespaces
of the framework; access to other functionality is achieved using the
P/Invoke feature
Common Language Runtime engine
The Common Language Runtime (CLR) serves as the execution engine of
.NET Framework. All .NET programs execute under the supervision of the
CLR, guaranteeing certain properties and behaviors in the areas of
memory management, security, and exception handling
Language independence
.NET Framework introduces a Common Type System, or CTS. The CTS
specification defines all possible data types and programming constructs
supported by the CLR and how they may or may not interact with each
other conforming to the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
specification. Because of this featur
.NET Framework supports the
exchange of types and object instances between libraries and
applications written using any conforming .NET language
Base Class Library
The Base Class Library (BCL), part of the Framework Class Library
(FCL), is a library of functionality available to all languages using
.NET Framework. The BCL provides classes that encapsulate a number of
common functions, including file reading and writing, graphic rendering,
database interaction, XML document manipulation, and so on. It consists
of classes, interfaces of reusable types that integrates with CLR
(Common Language Runtime)
Simplified deployment
.NET Framework includes design features and tools which help manage
the installation of computer software to ensure it does not interfere
with previously installed software, and it conforms to security
requirements
Security
The design addresses some of the vulnerabilities, such as buffer
overflows, which have been exploited by malicious software.
Additionally, .NET provides a common security model for all
applications
Portability
While Microsoft has never implemented the full framework on any
system except Microsoft Windows, it has engineered the framework to be
platform-agnostic, and cross-platform implementations are available for
other operating systems (see Silverlight and the Alternative
implementations section below). Microsoft submitted the specifications
for the Common Language Infrastructure (which includes the core class
libraries, Common Type System, and the Common Intermediate Language),
the C# language, and the C++/CLI language to both ECMA and the ISO,
making them available as official standards. This makes it possible for
third parties to create compatible implementations of the framework and
its languages on other platforms
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